What every business should know about expense accounts

An expense account is a record of what a business spends over time. Companies use expense accounts to organize and track every dollar that goes out the door during normal operations. When someone says they have an “expense account” at work, they usually mean their company covers certain business costs like travel, meals with clients, or supplies they need to do their job. It could even mean they have a corporate card to pay for those expenses.

In accounting, expense accounts are one of five major account types used in double-entry bookkeeping. Knowing how they fit into the bigger picture helps you understand your financial statements.

1. Income accounts track money the business has earned from operations.
2. Expense accounts track costs incurred in running the business.
3. Asset accounts represent resources the business owns, like inventory or equipment.
4. Liability accounts show what the business owes, such as loans or accounts payable.
5. Equity accounts represent the owner's or shareholders' claim on company assets after liabilities are paid.

Each account type uses debits and credits in different ways. For expense accounts specifically, a debit increases the expense (records a cost), while a credit decreases it (records a refund or reversal). This structure keeps your accounting organized across all business transactions and is foundational to accurate financial statements.

The dual nature of expense accounts makes them central to business operations. Employees see them as the way they get reimbursed for that client lunch or conference hotel room. Accountants see them as essential categories for tracking spending and calculating profit. Both views matter because expense accounts bridge the gap between daily business activities and financial reporting. They turn expense receipts and credit card charges into organized data that shows exactly where a company's money goes.

Expense accounts give businesses a structured way to monitor and control spending. They ensure money flows toward activities that support company goals rather than disappearing into vague, untracked purchases. Here are the key advantages that make expense accounts essential for modern businesses.

Financial visibility and control

Tracking expenses in designated accounts shows exactly where money goes. This visibility lets companies analyze spending patterns and spot areas where costs are creeping up. Expense accounts are a critical component of overall spend management, giving businesses control over one of their largest cost categories. Without expense accounts, important purchases can get lost in general spending, making it impossible to understand true operational costs. When you can see that marketing spent $50,000 last quarter on ad campaigns while sales spent $15,000 on travel, you have real data to work with. This clarity helps leaders make informed decisions about where to invest more and where to cut back.

Budgeting and planning

Categorized expense data makes budget comparisons straightforward. Finance teams can line up actual spending against planned budgets to see variances immediately. Historical expense trends from these accounts become the foundation for next year's budget. If your sales team consistently spends $30,000 quarterly on client entertainment, you can plan for it rather than being surprised. This predictability transforms budgeting from guesswork into strategic planning based on real patterns.

Tax and compliance advantages

Well-maintained expense accounts make tax preparation faster and more accurate. Businesses need documented expenses to claim deductions and meet tax requirements. When the IRS asks about your claimed travel deductions, organized expense accounts provide instant proof. Missing or poorly tracked expenses mean missed deductions and potential compliance issues. Every receipt filed correctly could mean money saved at tax time.

Accountability

Formal expense accounts create clear boundaries around company spending. Employees understand what they can spend, how much, and on what. This structure ensures purchases stay business-related and approved. When everyone follows the same expense account rules, there’s no confusion about what's an acceptable business expense. It also protects both the company and employees by creating a transparent, fair process for business spending.

Businesses break down their expenses into categories so they can see exactly what they're spending on. These categories range from daily operational costs to one-time charges, and each serves a specific purpose in financial tracking.

Operating expenses (OpEx)

Operating expenses are the regular costs of running a business, separate from producing goods or services. Examples of operating expenses include rent, utilities, office supplies, salaries, marketing, insurance, and legal fees. Many operating expenses are periodic expenses that recur monthly, quarterly, or annually, making them predictable and easier to budget for. Every business has operating expenses, and they tend to be predictable month to month. Tracking them carefully ensures they don't quietly grow beyond sustainable levels. A marketing agency might find that software subscriptions have doubled over two years without anyone noticing. Regular OpEx review prevents this kind of spending creep.

Travel and entertainment (T&E)

T&E covers business travel costs like flights, hotels, and transport, plus client meals and entertainment. Incidental expenses during travel, such as tips, parking fees, tolls, and baggage fees, also fall under this category and should be tracked separately for accurate reporting. Sales teams and executives often have the highest T&E expenses. This category gets special attention because it's easy to overspend when you're on the road or trying to impress clients. Most companies set strict T&E limits and require detailed documentation. Some meal and entertainment expenses are only partially tax-deductible, adding another layer of complexity to this category.

Non-operating expenses

Non-operating expenses are costs that don't come from your core business activities. Examples of non-operating expenses include interest payments on debt, losses from selling equipment, lawsuit settlements, and foreign exchange losses. While they appear on your income statement, they're separate from the day-to-day spending that runs your business.

Unlike operating expenses that directly support sales or production, non-operating expenses happen less frequently and often involve financial or legal matters outside normal operations. A manufacturing company might write off a loss when it sells old machinery. A software startup pays quarterly interest on a line of credit. A consulting firm settles a client dispute. These don't happen every month, but when they do, they hit the bottom line. Understanding the difference matters because it gives you a clearer picture of how your actual business is performing. A company might have strong operational profitability but be weighed down by debt interest. Separating these helps you see the real story.

Cost of goods sold (COGS)

Companies that sell products or deliver services track COGS separately because these expenses directly affect gross profit. COGS examples include raw materials, direct labor, manufacturing supplies, or wholesale products for resale. A furniture maker's wood and hardware costs fall under COGS, while their showroom rent goes under operating expenses. This separation matters because COGS moves with sales volume while many operating expenses stay fixed. Understanding this relationship helps businesses price products correctly and maintain healthy margins.

An expense policy is a set of rules that governs what expenses are allowed and how employees should handle company spending. Without clear guidelines, expense accounts can leak cash through unnecessary or inappropriate purchases. A solid policy prevents confusion, controls costs, and ensures fairness across the organization.

Define allowed expenses

Work with company leadership to decide which expenses the company will cover and set limits for each category. Be specific about travel expenses. Will you cover economy or business class flights? Set a nightly hotel rate cap, like $150 for domestic travel. Decide on meal allowances, perhaps $75 a person for client dinners and $20 for solo lunches. Address transportation options like whether employees should use rideshares or rental cars. For mileage reimbursement, many companies follow the IRS standard rate. Include guidelines for office supplies, equipment purchases, and professional development costs. The more specific your definitions, the fewer disputes you'll face later.

Set spending limits and approval requirements

Good policies specify dollar limits and when expenses need pre-approval. A clear expense approval process prevents confusion and ensures proper oversight. Any single expense over $500 might require a manager's signature. Entertainment expenses above $200 could need executive approval. International travel should always require advance permission. These thresholds depend on your company size and culture, but having them prevents surprises. Consider different limits for different roles. A sales director might have higher entertainment allowances than an engineer. Make sure the approval chain is clear and accessible so employees aren't stuck waiting for signatures.

Write clear guidelines

Write your policy in plain language that everyone can understand. Skip the legal jargon and corporate speak. State clearly what's covered, what receipts you need, how to submit expenses, and what's off limits. Include specific examples of acceptable and unacceptable expenses. Explain that taking clients to a steakhouse is fine, but a nightclub isn't. Address edge cases like whether home office supplies are covered for remote workers. Create a clear list of non-reimbursable expenses such as personal entertainment, commuting to your regular workplace, family member travel costs, and personal items purchased during business trips. Include consequences for violations, from requiring payback for unapproved charges to disciplinary action for repeat offenses. Work with HR to ensure these consequences are enforceable and fair.

Communicate and update regularly

Once written, distribute the policy to all employees and make it easily accessible. Host a Q&A session for new policies or major changes. Put the policy somewhere employees can always find it, like the company intranet or employee handbook. Review the policy annually to adapt to new situations or cost changes. When business travel patterns shift or new types of expenses emerge, update the policy accordingly. Regular communication about the policy reminds employees that it exists and shows that management takes it seriously.

The expense reimbursement process follows a predictable path from the moment an employee spends money to when they get paid back. Understanding this workflow helps everyone involved play their part smoothly.

Incurring expenses

When employees spend money on approved business expenses, they need to follow policy guidelines from the start. This means choosing reasonably priced options and staying within set limits. Book the standard hotel, not the luxury resort. Take clients to a nice restaurant, but skip the $500 bottles of wine. If something unusual comes up that might exceed normal limits, get approval first. A last-minute flight change due to a client emergency is understandable, but booking first-class seats without permission isn't.

Keeping records

Every expense needs documentation. Keep all receipts, even for small purchases. Many companies require receipts for anything over $25, though some set the bar lower. Digital receipts work fine, and scanning paper ones immediately prevents loss. Make sure receipts show the date, vendor, amount, and items purchased. For client meals, note who attended and the business purpose. This isn't bureaucracy for its own sake. These receipts become your proof for both internal reviews and tax documentation. Lost receipts mean delayed or denied reimbursements.

Submitting expense reports

Employees compile their expense reports, usually monthly or after each trip. Each line item needs a date, amount, vendor, and business purpose. Attach digital copies of all receipts. If your company uses expense management software, you might be able to photograph receipts and submit reports from your phone. The key is submitting promptly. Most companies want expense reports within 30 days of the purchase. Old expenses are harder to verify and can mess up monthly financial closing processes.

Approval process

Submitted reports go to a manager or the finance team for review. They check that expenses follow policy, make sense for the employee's role, and have proper documentation. A sales manager's client dinner gets approved quickly. An engineer's unexplained restaurant charge might trigger questions. Good managers review reports within a few days to keep reimbursements moving. They look for patterns, too. If someone consistently pushes limits or submits vague descriptions, it's time for a conversation.

Reimbursement

Once approved, employees get their money back either through their next paycheck or as a separate payment. Processing times vary, but two weeks is typical. Companies using corporate credit cards handle things differently. Instead of reimbursement, employees reconcile their card statements, adding receipts and explanations to each charge. This eliminates the need for employees to front money, but still requires the same documentation and approval process. Either way, the goal is to get employees paid back quickly while maintaining proper controls.

Every company spends money. Managing expense accounts well requires consistent habits and clear processes. These practices help businesses maintain control while making life easier for everyone involved.

Timely bookkeeping

Record and review expenses as they come in, not months later. For accounting teams, this means categorizing expenses correctly from day one rather than facing a mountain of unsorted transactions at quarter end. Fresh expenses are easier to understand and categorize. That ambiguous restaurant charge makes sense when you handle it the week it happened, not three months later. Prompt recording also reveals spending trends while you can still adjust. If travel costs are trending 30% over budget in October, you have time to course-correct before year end.

Monthly expense reconciliation

Reconcile corporate card statements and expense reports against your accounting records every month. This expense reconciliation process catches duplicate entries, missing receipts, and coding errors before they compound. Match each transaction to its receipt and verify that amounts posted to your general ledger are correct.

Separate business and personal expenses

Business and personal spending must stay in separate lanes. This is especially critical for LLC expenses, where the line between business and personal can easily blur for owner-operators.Companies should provide dedicated payment methods like corporate cards or reimbursement tools rather than having employees mix expenses on personal cards. Employees need to resist the temptation to slip personal items onto expense reports. That coffee you grabbed on vacation doesn't become a business expense just because you answered one email. This separation protects everyone. It keeps company records clean and prevents employees from accidentally violating expense policies or unintentionally committing fraud.

Enforce receipt keeping

Make receipt collection non-negotiable. Good receipt management practices prevent lost documentation and streamline reimbursements. The best approach is going digital immediately. Photograph paper receipts right when you get them. Forward email receipts to a dedicated folder. Many expense apps let you snap and upload receipts instantly, eliminating the shoebox full of crumpled papers. During audits, these receipts become your proof that expenses were legitimate. The IRS doesn't accept “I know I bought it” as documentation. Neither should your finance team.

Policy training and communication

Train every new hire on expense procedures during onboarding. Don't assume they know how expense accounts work from previous jobs. Show them how to submit reports, what needs receipts, and where to find the policy. Send periodic reminders about common mistakes or policy updates. When policies change, explain why. If hotel limits drop from $200 to $150 per night, employees deserve to know it's about budget constraints, not arbitrary rules. Clear communication prevents honest mistakes and builds trust in the system.

Regular audits or reviews

Check expense reports regularly, even if everything seems fine. Managers should spot-check their team's reports monthly, looking for unusual patterns or policy violations. Finance teams might run quarterly audits on high-risk categories like T&E. These reviews catch problems early. Maybe someone doesn't realize tipping 40% isn't standard. Maybe another person consistently splits large expenses to avoid approval thresholds. Regular reviews also deter intentional abuse since employees know someone's watching.

Expense reimbursement fraud can cost businesses significantly. Expense fraud can often go undetected for months or years, which is why prevention requires multiple layers. You need consistent policy enforcement applied equally across all levels, manager oversight trained to catch red flags like altered receipts or expenses just under approval thresholds, and detailed documentation that makes fraudulent expense claims harder to disguise.

Most employees are honest and appreciate clear rules. When you enforce policies consistently and transparently, you protect your company's money while shielding honest employees from suspicion. Strong controls turn expense claims into something your team can trust rather than a source of problems.

Managing expense accounts no longer requires paper receipts and manual spreadsheets. Digital solutions now handle much of the heavy lifting, saving time and reducing errors for everyone involved.

Expense management software

Dedicated business expense tracking software automates the tedious parts of expense tracking. These platforms automatically categorize expenses as they come in, generate real-time spending reports, and flag out-of-policy purchases before they become problems. When an expense gets approved, it flows straight into your accounting software without manual data entry. This integration eliminates duplicate work and reduces typing errors. Finance teams can see spending trends instantly rather than waiting for month-end reports. Managers get alerts when budgets approach limits. The software becomes a control system that runs itself.

Mobile applications

Expense management apps have completely changed expense reporting. Employees photograph receipts immediately after purchases, upload them to the app, and fill out expense details while everything's fresh. No more lost receipts or forgotten expense purposes. These apps work anywhere, so that business trip to Chicago doesn't create a backlog of expenses to process later. The immediacy improves accuracy since employees remember exactly why they bought something. Mobile submission also speeds up the approval cycle since managers can review and approve expenses from their phones too.

Credit card integration

Corporate credit cards that connect directly to expense software eliminate several steps in the process. Each transaction appears automatically in the expense platform where employees just add categories and explanations. No more entering amounts, dates, and vendors manually. No more employees paying out of pocket and waiting for reimbursement. The integration also prevents fraud since every transaction is visible immediately. If someone uses their corporate card at a casino, you'll know right away.

Expense management automation and AI

Expense management automation is transforming how businesses handle spending. New features keep making expense management easier. AI-powered receipt scanning reads receipt images and fills in expense details automatically. It can even detect alcohol purchases and flag them for review, all with zero typing. Policy rule engines automatically approve routine, in-policy expenses while flagging exceptions for human review. That standard hotel stay gets approved instantly while the $500 client dinner waits for manager sign-off. Some solutions even learn spending patterns and can predict budget overruns before they happen.

Cloud and collaboration

Cloud-based expense tools let managers and finance teams work from anywhere. A manager can approve expenses from home, the airport, or a coffee shop. Finance can run reports without being in the office. Digital storage means no more filing cabinets full of receipts. Need to find a receipt from two years ago for an audit? Search and retrieve it in seconds. Remote and distributed teams especially benefit from cloud systems since everyone accesses the same platform regardless of location.

These technologies don't just save time. They provide better oversight and more control than spreadsheets ever could. The investment in good expense management tools pays for itself through reduced errors, faster reimbursements, and better spending visibility.

Tax implications make proper expense account management critical. The difference between deductible and non-deductible expenses directly affects your bottom line, and poor documentation can trigger audits and penalties.

Deductible vs. non-deductible expenses

Not every expense in your accounts is fully tax-deductible. Common tax deductible business expenses include office rent, equipment, travel, and professional services, but the IRS typically allows only 50% deduction for business meals and entertainment. Some expenses like fines, penalties, and personal purchases aren't deductible at all. Travel expenses for business are generally fully deductible, but add a personal vacation day and things get complicated. Commuting costs aren't deductible, but travel between work sites is. These distinctions matter because claiming non-deductible expenses can trigger audits and penalties. Know the rules for your industry and situation.

Documentation for deductions

Tax authorities require bulletproof documentation for expense deductions. Every receipt should show the date, amount, vendor, and business purpose. For meals and entertainment, include who attended and what business you discussed. Credit card statements alone aren't enough. You need receipts showing what you actually purchased. This is where organized expense accounts save you. When the IRS asks about that $5,000 travel deduction, you can pull up every hotel receipt, flight confirmation, and meal expense. Poor documentation means denied deductions and potential penalties.

Accountable plans

The IRS recognizes “accountable plans” for employee reimbursements that meet specific requirements. Expenses must be business-related, properly documented, and any excess advances returned promptly. When your reimbursement system qualifies as an accountable plan, reimbursements don't count as employee income. Fail to meet these requirements and suddenly your employee reimbursements become taxable wages, complete with payroll tax obligations. Make sure your expense policy and processes qualify for accountable plan treatment. It saves both the company and employees from unexpected tax bills.

Consulting tax professionals

Tax rules change frequently, and some expenses fall into gray areas. What counts as ordinary and necessary for your business might be different from another industry. International travel, home offices, and client gifts all have special rules. A good CPA or tax advisor helps you maximize legitimate deductions while staying compliant. They can review your expense categories, suggest better documentation practices, and spot deductions you might be missing. The cost of professional tax advice is small compared to the cost of doing taxes wrong.

Proper expense tracking helps you meet your tax obligations and keep every legitimate deduction you deserve. Good expense account practices throughout the year make tax time straightforward instead of stressful.

Expense accounts are more than just a way to track spending. They're tools that bring clarity and accountability to business finances. Whether you categorize operational costs in your accounting software or set up employee reimbursement processes, well-managed expense accounts create the financial transparency every business needs.

Clear policies prevent confusion and overspending, and modern tools make tracking and approval simple. Regular reviews help you catch problems early, while proper documentation satisfies tax requirements and protects against audits. These aren't just best practices. They're the foundation of sound financial management.

When expense accounts are managed properly, business owners gain real control over their budgets. Employees get fair, timely reimbursement for legitimate business costs. Finance teams maintain accurate records that stand up to scrutiny. Everyone wins when the processes run smoothly.

Brex simplifies this process with integrated expense management software that handles everything from corporate cards to automated bill pay. Brex automatically categorizes expenses, enforces spending policies, and syncs with your accounting software. Employees can submit expenses instantly through the mobile app while traveling. The corporate cards provide real-time visibility into spending with built-in controls that prevent policy violations before they happen. Travel and expense management becomes one simple workflow instead of scattered spreadsheets and receipt boxes.

See how Brex can transform your expense management by scheduling a demo today.